HIV: Dry cough and other respiratory symptoms

However, respiratory problems can have many causes that are not necessarily linked to HIV.

A person with persistent or severe respiratory symptoms should see a doctor to determine the underlying cause. An individual with HIV and new or worsening symptoms should also speak to a doctor.

In this article, we look at the connection between HIV and a dry cough. We also list other common respiratory symptoms that people with HIV may experience.

Can HIV cause a dry cough?

A dry cough can be an early symptom of HIV, or it may indicate that the illness is in the late stage.

In the first 2–4 weeks after contracting HIV, approximately 40–90 percent of people will develop flu-like symptoms. A dry cough may be the only respiratory symptom in the early stages.

Other symptoms of early-stage (acute) HIV are:

• fatigue
• a fever or chills
• muscle aches
• a sore throat
• sweating

A persistent dry cough can also be a symptom of stage 3 HIV, which is sometimes called AIDS. This cough usually gets worse as times goes on.

A dry cough can also indicate pneumonia, a lung infection that is a complication of HIV for some people.

It is important to note that a dry cough is a common complaint. In the absence of other HIV symptoms, it does not suggest that a person has contracted the virus.

A dry cough can also result from:

• acid reflux
• asthma
• exposure to cold air
• a sinus infection

People at risk of contracting HIV or those with other symptoms of the infection should see a doctor.

Symptoms that affect breathing may be common in people with HIV, especially if they do not receive treatment. These symptoms can arise from a variety of infections or other complications.

An older study, from 2003, looked at respiratory symptoms among people with HIV. The researchers reported that common symptoms included:

• shortness of breath
• a cough
• phlegm production

These symptoms were more common among people with HIV than those without.

Cigarette smoking, either in the present or the past, was the best predictor of respiratory symptoms among HIV-positive people.

It is essential to note that medications to treat HIV have improved dramatically in the last few decades.

Modern antiretroviral drugs for HIV can effectively manage many symptoms, including a cough, while also preventing progression and transmission of the virus.

When to see a doctor

A person should see a doctor if they experience persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, including:

• a dry cough
• a fever
• shortness of breath
• a wet cough (with phlegm)

An individual with HIV should see a doctor as soon as possible if they develop symptoms or if existing symptoms get worse.

Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms include:

• coughing up blood
• difficulty breathing
• severe chest pain

To make a diagnosis, a doctor will perform a physical examination and ask about a person’s medical and family histories.

They may also carry out additional tests, such as blood tests or chest X-rays.

Outlook

The outlook for an HIV-positive person with a dry cough depends on the underlying cause. There are many reasons why someone may have a dry cough or other respiratory symptoms.

In most cases, treatment can control symptoms or address the underlying infection.

For those with HIV, antiretroviral medications can effectively prevent breathing problems and other complications.

Research suggests that people with access to antiretroviral drugs have reduced respiratory symptoms.

To ensure the best outlook, a person should speak to a doctor about any new symptoms and follow the treatment plan they prescribe.

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