Blood test can detect dementia decades before symptoms are noticed
Blood test could spot your risk of Alzheimer’s disease decades before symptoms arise, study finds
- Researchers looked for levels of a protein called neurofilament light chain that leaks into the blood after brain cells are damaged or die
- Those with a gene mutation that causes the disease had higher baseline levels of the protein than those who didn’t
- Participants with high levels also performed worse on cognitive tests and had had more neuron loss and shrinking brains
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A simple blood test could detect the onset of dementia almost two decades before symptoms are noticed, according to a new study.
Researchers have long known that dementia sufferers have higher levels of a certain protein that leaks into the cerebrospinal fluid after brain cells die.
But they could not work out how to measure it without invasive, expensive spinal taps.
In a new study, scientists say they can now detect this protein in the blood and that levels of it rise at the same speed that the brain loses neurons and begins shrinking.
The blood test that looks for the protein would be performed in middle-age, well before most are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.
The team, led by Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, says a blood test is easier, faster and cheaper and could lead to routine screenings for degenerative brain conditions being offered in clinics.
A new study has found that the concentration of a certain protein in the blood could detect your risk of Alzheimer’s years before symptoms appear (file image)
An estimated 5.7 million Americans of all ages are living with Alzheimer’s disease in 2019.
By 2050, this number is estimated to rise to almost 14 million, according to the Alzheimer’s Association.
Sufferers experience a decline in cognitive, behavioral and physical abilities and there is no cure.
For the study, published in the journal Nature Medicine, the team recruited more than 400 people from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network (DIAN).
Led by Washington University, the aim of DIAN is to identify potential biomarkers of Alzheimer’s in people who carry a gene mutation that causes the disease.
About 250 of the participants had a genetic mutation and the rest were relatives that did not carry it.
The adults also underwent blood work, brain scans and cognitive tests every two to three years.
The researchers used a blood test kit similar to others available commercially but not yet approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to diagnose or predict brain damage.
The test detects levels of a protein called neurofilament light chain, which leaks into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid after brain cells are damaged or die.
Previous studies have shown the levels of the protein structure in spinal fluid are a good predictor for dementia, but this requires invasive and expensive spinal taps.
Participants with the genetic mutation had higher baseline protein levels that rose as the study period continued.
Meanwhile, those without the mutation had low baseline protein levels that remained steady.
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Physically weak and frail older people are at greater risk… 
Keeping active in old age may protect against dementia -…
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HOW TO DETECT ALZHEIMER’S
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory, thinking skills and the ability to perform simple tasks.
It is the cause of 60 percent to 70 percent of cases of dementia.
The majority of people with Alzheimer’s are age 65 and older.
More than five million Americans have Alzheimer’s.
It is unknown what causes Alzheimer’s. Those who have the APOE gene are more likely to develop late-onset Alzheimer’s.
Signs and symptoms:
- Difficulty remembering newly learned information
- Disorientation
- Mood and behavioral changes
- Suspicion about family, friends and professional caregivers
- More serious memory loss
- Difficulty with speaking, swallowing and walking
Stages of Alzheimer’s:
- Mild Alzheimer’s (early-stage) – A person may be able to function independently but is having memory lapses
- Moderate Alzheimer’s (middle-stage) – Typically the longest stage, the person may confuse words, get frustrated or angry, or have sudden behavioral changes
- Severe Alzheimer’s disease (late-stage) – In the final stage, individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, carry on a conversation and, eventually, control movement
There is no known cure for Alzheimer’s, but experts suggest physical exercise, social interaction and adding brain boosting omega-3 fats to your diet to prevent or slowdown the onset of symptoms.
Researchers were able to notice a difference between the two groups about 16 years before symptoms were expected to appear.
‘Sixteen years before symptoms arise is really quite early in the disease process, but we were able to see differences even then,’ said co-first author Stephanie Schultz, a graduate student at Washington University.
‘This could be a good preclinical biomarker to identify those who will go on to develop clinical symptoms.’
Next, the team had about 40 people with the faulty gene variant undergo brain scans and cognitive tests two years after their previous visit to the clinic.
Researchers found the participants with protein levels that had increased dramatically over those two years had fewer neurons in brain tissue and performed worse on cognitive and memory tests.
Additionally, the increase in neurofilament light chain proteins precisely matched the speed at which the precuneus – which plays a role in memory – thinned and shrank.
‘This is something that would be easy to incorporate into a screening test in a neurology clinic,’ said co-author Dr Brian Gordon, an assistant professor of radiology at Washington University’s Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology.
‘We validated it in people with Alzheimer’s disease because we know their brains undergo lots of neurodegeneration, but this marker isn’t specific for Alzheimer’s. High levels could be a sign of many different neurological diseases and injuries.’
People suffering from Lewy body dementia and Huntington’s disease – two progressive brain disorders – have high protein levels.
The levels also radically spike when people with multiple sclerosis have a sudden episode of symptoms and when football players are hit in the head.
Therefore, the team is working to determine two hallmarks before the tests is used on patients for predicting neurodegenerative condition.
Researchers will need to assess how much protein in the blood is too much and how quickly protein levels can rise before doctors become concerned.
They hope the test will be adapted as an early warning sign for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders within years.
‘I could see this being used in the clinic in a few years to identify signs of brain damage in individual patients,’ said Dr Gordon.
‘We’re not at the point we can tell people: “In five years you’ll have dementia.” We are all working towards that.’
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