Ditch the diet Coke? Sweeteners are toxic to the gut

Ditch the Diet Coke: Six artificial sweeteners used in a range of soft drinks and foods ‘are TOXIC to gut bacteria’

• Scientists analysed sweeteners approved for consumption in the US and EU
• They included the controversial aspartame, which is used in Diet Coke
• The study offers ‘further evidence’ that artificial sweeteners can damage health 

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Aspartame – a controversial sweetener – is used in Diet Coke

Artificial sweeteners found in Diet Coke and other soft drinks could damage your gut bacteria, research suggests.

Scientists found six sweeteners – all approved for use in foods and drinks in the US and EU – were toxic to gut microbes.

They included the controversial aspartame, which has been at the centre of critical reports dating back decades. It is used in Diet Coke.

Researchers from Israel and Singapore warned the findings offer ‘further evidence’ that artificial sweeteners can damage health. 

A healthy gut microbiome has been associated with everything from improved hormone regulation, nutrient absorption, digestion and immune system function. 

As well as aspartame, the scientists also assessed sucralose, saccharine, neotame, advantame and acesulfame potassium-k.

Ten sports supplements that contain these sweeteners were also analysed for the study, published in the journal Molecules.

The study was led by a team at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.

In their laboratory trial, all six of the sweeteners were exposed to bacteria that are commonly found in the human gut.

These bacteria were genetically modified to contain fluorescent compounds that glow when they detect toxins.

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The researchers discovered toxins are released when gut bacteria are exposed to artificial sweeteners in the lab.

It only took one mg/ml of the artificial sweeteners to turn the bacteria toxic.

WHAT ARE THE FEARS OVER SWEETENERS? AND WHAT DOES THE SCIENCE SHOW?

In an era of obesity and diabetes, there is more focus on sweeteners and sugar alternatives than ever before. But some in the scientific community say the jury is still out on the effects of sweeteners and more research is needed.

OBESITY AND DIABETES

A study published in April this year from the Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University linked artificial sweeteners to obesity and diabetes, claiming sweeteners change how the body processes fat and uses energy.

Researchers fed groups of rats diets high in sugar or artificial sweeteners including aspartame and acesulfame potassium. After three weeks, blood samples showed significant differences in concentrations of biochemicals, fats and amino acids.  

GUT BACTERIA

Leading gut microbiome expert Professor Tim Spector, professor of genetic epidemiology at King’s College, has warned that if you give animals lots of sweeteners, you get a reduction in diversity of the microbes and they produce abnormal chemicals – different metabolic signals which have been shown to be more likely to give you diabetes and make you put on weight.

He adds that while there’s no hard evidence yet in humans, he has seen enough to make him wary of regularly eating these additives.

STROKE AND DEMENTIA

Consuming a can a day of low-or no-sugar soft drink is associated with a much higher risk of having a stroke or developing dementia, researchers claimed last year.

A Boston University study found that people who glugged diet drinks daily were almost three times as likely to develop stroke and dementia when compared to those who did not.

However, the researchers were quick to point out that these findings, which appear separately in the journals Alzheimer’s & Dementia and Stroke, demonstrated correlation but not cause-and-effect.

And the higher the amount of artificial sweetener, the more toxins that are released, according to the team led by Professor Ariel Kushmaro.  

He said: ‘This is further evidence consumption of artificial sweeteners adversely affects gut microbial activity which can cause a wide range of health issues.

‘The results of this study might help in understanding the relative toxicity of artificial sweeteners and the potential of negative effects on the gut microbial community.’ 

 Diet drinks account for a quarter of the sweetened beverages market but there is growing evidence they are not as healthy as previously thought.

Although marketed as a diet-friendly alternative to sugary drinks, scientists say they should no longer be regarded as the healthier alternative.

Artificial sweeteners have repeatedly been linked to obesity, cancer, type 2 diabetes, migraines and even liver toxicity. 

The sweeteners are also emerging as environmental pollutants due to them being resistant to wastewater treatment processes.

Professor Kushmaro added the findings could also help to detect the damage that artificial sweeteners have on the environment.

Aspartame has established itself as an important component in many low-calorie, sugar-free foods and beverages. 

It is consumed by more than 200 million people around the world and is found in more than 6,000 products, it was reported in 2015.

These include carbonated soft drinks, powdered soft drinks, chewing gum, dessert mixes, puddings and fillings and some vitamins and sugar-free cough drops.

Aspartame is a nutritive sweetener made by joining two amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-aspartic acid, with a third component called a methyl ester group.

Very little is needed for a sweet taste, making aspartame virtually non-caloric. It is thought to be up to 200 times sweeter than sucrose. 

More people may be opting for artificially-sweetened drinks after a sugar tax on soft drinks was introduced in the UK on April 6.

Drinks with more than 8g of sugar per 100ml are taxed 24p per litre. Those containing 5-to-8g of sugar per 100ml are hit with a lower rate of tax of 18p per litre.

Many drink manufacturers have slashed the amount of sugar in their drinks in order to escape the tax. 

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